一、词性转换：基础篇
1.部分单词的复数形式army---armies; enemy---enemies; century---centuries
2. 几组反义词
disappear---appear;（消失---出现） dark---bright; (黑暗的--- 明亮的) enemy---friend;（敌人---朋友） empty---full； （空的---满的） stupid---clever/bright/wise/intelligent/smart（愚蠢的---聪明的） 3. history n. 历史historical a.历史的 4. wooden a.木头的wood n.木头 5. city n. 城市 citizen n. 市民
6. frightened a. 受惊吓的（修饰人 frightening a. 恐怖的（修饰物 frighten 7 .help n./v. 帮助 helpful a. 有帮助的
8. succeed v. 使„„成功 success n. 成功 successful a. 成功的 9. enter v. 进入 entrance n.入口 10. difficult a. 困难的difficulty n. 困难
提高篇( 斜体字为考纲单词)
1. dark a. 黑暗的 darkness n. 黑暗
2. Greek a.& n. 希腊的， 希腊人 Greece n. 希腊 3. able a. 有能力的—unable a.没有能力的 enable v. 使„„能 ability n. 能力 4. celebrate v. 庆祝 celebration n. 庆祝 5. securely ad. 安全地 secure a. 安全的 6. including prep.包括 include v. 包括
7. giant a. = very large 巨大的 op. tiny 微小的
8. secret n. 秘密 secretly ad. 秘密地 secretary n. 秘书 9. succeed v.成功 success n.成功
successful a. 成功的 successfully ad. 成功地
10. rough a. 不平的；粗糙的；崎岖的 roughly ad. 粗糙地；崎岖地 11. Troy n.特洛伊城 Trojan n./a.特洛伊人（的）
12. Europe n. 欧洲 European a.& n. 欧洲的（人） ( a European) 13.fiction n . 虚构的事 fictional a.虚构的 14. politics n. 政治 politician n. 政客
15. sport n. 运动 sportsman男运动员 sportswoman 女运动员
二、词组：基础篇
1. at a time =each time每次
2. make jokes about sb.拿„„开玩笑 =make fun of 3. no longer 不再 =not„any longer
4. seconds later =after a while =moments later 过了一会儿
v. 使害怕 5. look down at 向下看着 6. take sth with sb. 随身带去某物 7. obey orders 遵守命令=follow orders
8. make sure that+从句 确信 (make sure= be sure) / make sure of sth. 9. go to sleep = fall (fall-fell-fallen) asleep 入睡/ feel (feel-felt-felt) sleepy 10. succeed in doing sth =be successful in doing sth.=manage to do sth 成功地干某事 11. by a trick用诡计 by midnight到了午夜 12. sail away 驾船驶走
13. enjoy oneself=have a good time=have a wonderful time 过得愉快 14. get rid of 摆脱 15. play a trick on sb. 捉弄某人
提高篇
1. in the darkness在黑暗中 2. send in 上交，呈递 3. except for 除了
4. be securely locked 被安全地锁上
5. pull„into把„放进„中 drag„into把„拉进„中 6. drag sb. away 掳走
三、英文解释： 基础篇
1. competition n.竞赛: contest
2. disappear v.消失: vanish, can no longer be seen 3. main a. 主要的 most important 4. army n.军队: a large group of soldiers 5. gate n. 大门: a big door/ entrance 6. wooden a. 木制的: made of wood
7. square n广场.: an open, four-sided area in a city
8. celebrate v.庆祝: enjoy oneself by singing, dancing, eating, etc./） hold festival/express happiness about sth. 9. frightened a. 害怕的 : afraid 10.enter v. 进入: come into/go into
11.return v. come back/go back 回来/回去 give back 归还
提高篇
1. beyond prep. 在„„远处: past; on the far side of 2. capture v. 捕获，占领: take control by force
3. drag v. 拖，拉: pull something heavy along roughly. 4. including prep.包括: and also; counting as one of a group 5. plain n. 平原: a wide, level area of land 6. securely ad.安全地: safely
7. seize v. 抓住: take hold of roughly : catch, seize
四、语言点( 如不注明，都为基础篇)
1. run v. 1.跑 2.管理,经营 3. 承办
run a short story competition 承办一个小故事竞赛（此用法考纲不要求掌握，属提高篇）
He runs this store. 他经营着这家公司。这儿run=manage 2、take, bring, carry take 作“拿去”，“拿走”，反义词是bring（带来），两词都表示以说话人为中心的“去”和“来”的行动方向。carry不含方向，只表示“拿，带”。如： Who took the papers on the tables? 谁拿走了台上的报纸？ Bring me the book, please. 请把书带给我。
Some of the students are carrying flags in their hands/ 其中的一些学生正手拿着旗子。 3.by 与 with 在解释“靠，用，通过”的不同用处。 by：表示方法，手段。如：
For ten years. They could not capture the city by fighting. 十年了，他们不能通过战争占领着座城市。
Everyone should learn English by use. 每个人都应该通过应用来学会英语。 with:表示对工具的使用。
Trojans dragged it into the city with ropes. 特洛伊人用绳子把它拉进了城。 What will you buy with the money？用这些钱你能买什么？
4. except ,except for ,besides（其中except for 的用法考纲不要求掌握，属提高篇） (1)besides表示“除了„还有”。如：
Besides Li Ming, there are many other students attending the meeting. (2）except表示“除去，不包括”，强调“可排除地，不包括在内”，一般表示同类之间地关系，常与nothing, all, none, nobody, any等不定代词及every连用。如： They all went there except Li Ming.除了李明，他们其他所有人都去那里。
He had no time for relaxation except during the holiday. 除了节假日，他没有放松的时间。 She saw nothing except snow. (nothing except=nothing but only)她只看到了雪。 （3）except for也表示“除„之外”，它同except的区别是：except for后可接的词同句子中的主语不是同类的，指从整体中除去一个细节，一个方面，而except后所接的词同主语一般是同类的，指在同类的整体中除去一个部分。如： Your composition is good except for a few grammar mistakes. 除了几个语法错误，你的作文写得很好。
There was silence, except for the singing of birds. (silence singing) 除了鸟鸣声，那里一片寂静。
5. another, the other, the others, others的区别 （1）another是“另一个，又一个”。如：
I don’t like this book, please give me another.我不喜欢这本书，再给我一本。 The six Greek soldiers waited for another hour.六个希腊士兵又等了一小时。 （2）the other:在谈两个人或物时，“说完一个，又说一个”。如：
She has two daughters, one is a baby, the other is a girl of 12.她有两个女儿一个是婴儿，另一个是12岁的女孩。
Tom is standing on the other side of river.汤姆站在河的另一边。 （3）the others指固定范围内人或物中的“其它一些”。如：
I must discuss with the others of the group.我必须和组里的其他人讨论一下。
I have seen two of the films, but not the others.我已经看了其中的两部电影，其余还没有看。 （4）others:泛指别人
It’s kind of you to help others.帮助他人你真是太好了。
Some people like basketball, others like football.一些人喜欢篮球，其他人喜欢足球。
6.must与have to
Have to表示客观的需要。如：
I am too busy to help him. He has to move the furniture himself.我太忙了帮不了他。他得自己移家具。
Must与have to意义相近，但有区别，must表示说话者的主观看法。如： We must keep our word.我必须信守诺言。 7. 句型: A. so+a./ad.„that如此„„以至
The wooden horse was so big that they couldn’t take it with them.木马是如此的大，以至他们带不走它。
He walked so fast that I couldn’t follow him.他走得如此之快我跟不上他。
B. so„that+否定句=too„to如此„„以至于；太„不=not 反义词.enough(for sb.) to do sth.
so„that+肯定句=a./ad.+enough (for somebody) to do something
He was so excited that he couldn’t say a word. (=He was too excited to say a word.)
The problem was so easy that anyone can work it out. (=The problem was easy enough for anyone to work out.)
五、语法----现在完成时（基础篇）
1.现在完成时的结构是have/has+过去分词 2.现在完成时的用法 A．表示过去发生的某个动作对现在产生的影响。常与already (早已)，yet(还未)，just(刚刚)，never(从不)，ever（曾经）等连用。e.g. They haven’t cleaned the classroom yet.( 表示现在教师不干净。) She has already seen the film.（表示她已经知道这部电影的内容。） B．表示过去发生的某个动作持续到现在。常与since(自从)，for(长达),in the last few days(在过去的几天中)，in the past few years(在过去的几年中)等。
e.g. He has been here for half an hour. Lisa has read five books since the end of the last month.
注意：（1）其中already用于肯定句，否定句则要改成yet,用于句末。Never表否定，改成
一般疑问句要用ever。
e.g. I have already had my breakfast. Have you had your breakfast yet?
He has never been to America. Has he ever been to America?
(2 ). since后接时间点，而for 后接时间段，两者都必须和持续性动词连用。
e.g. We have lived here since 1997. They have worked as guards for three weeks.
3.“have/has been to+地点”表示“曾经去过某地”，现在已经回来，不在该地了； “have/has gone to+地点”表示“现在去了某地”，可能在途中也可能还在目的地。 “ have/has been in+地点” 表示“呆在某地多久”
4. 瞬间动词用一般过去时， 持续性动词用现在完成时。两者可互相转化。 例如： (1）I borrowed the book a week ago.==I have kept the book for a week. (2) He left China a month ago.== He has been away from China for a month.
(3) My brother joined the army a year ago.== My brother has been a soldier for a year.== My brother has been in the army for a year.
(4) Mary died a year ago.== Mary has been dead fro a year.
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